on 26th May 2025, as a member of ICEM, I have attended an online workshop on ADHD, which was organized by the SensAble child, Delhi. during this workshop, the prime focus was on understanding the topic and assessment in evaluation. the following data were based upon what I have learnt from the workshop.
1) What is ASD?
Autism Spectrum Disorder. It is a Neurodevelopmental condition that affects how individuals communicate, interact, and process information.
2) Symptoms of ASD
Social Communication Challenges
- Limited eye contact.
- Difficulty understanding social cues, such as facial expression.
- Difficulty maintaining conversation.
- Reduces sharing of interests.
- Challenges in forming and maintaining relationships with peers.
Repetitive
and restricted behaviors
- Repetitive movement or speech.
- Gets upset by minor changes.
- Must follow certain routine.
- Intense focus on specific interests.
Early signs of ASD
- Noticeable by the age 2 or 3.
- Lack of response to their name being called.
- Limited use of gestures, such as pointing or waving.
- Delayed speech and language skills.
3) ASD prevalence
ASD emerges in early development, and ASD is more prevalent in boys 1 in 20 as compared to girls 1 in 100. Autism affects roughly 1% to 1.5% of children in India. Experts estimate there could be 18 million people in India with autism
4) What is
ADHD?
Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder. It is a chronic condition and most common neurodevelopmental disorders of children. ADHD in childhood is more prevalent in boys than it is in girls by a 3:1 ratio. Almost one-third of children with ADHD have learning disabilities.
5) Why this
course is important?
For professionals
- Increase knowledge and awareness
- Improved teaching and support strategies
- Enhanced communication
- increased inclusion and reduce stigma
For families
- Improved family dynamics
- Better communication and interaction
- Reduced stress and conflict
- Enhanced support system
6) Clinical
features of ADHD?
Inattention
- Difficulty sustaining attention
- Doesn’t seem to listen when spoken directly
- Fail to finish schoolwork
- Disorganized work
- Often loses things
- Often easily distracted
- Often forgetful
Hyperactivity
- Often taps hand/feet
- Leaves seat
- Often run/climbs/restless
- Unable to play (leisure activity)
- Uncomfortable being still
- Talks excessively
Impulsivity
- Often burst out an answer
- Difficult waiting for his/her turn
- Often interrupts
7) Types of
ADHD
a)
Combined type
Inattentive
and hyperactive –impulsive symptoms
b)
Predominantly inattentive
Inattentive
symptoms
Hyperactive-impulsive
symptoms suppress
c)
Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive
Hyperactive-impulsive
symptoms
8) Factors contributing to development of ADHD
a) Genetics
- Family history (heritability)
- Specific gene: Dopamine
b)
Environmental
- Prenatal factors
- Premature birth
- Infection during pregnancy
- Maternal stress
- Certain nutritional deficiencies
c) Brain
differences
- Brain structure and function
- Neurotransmitters dysregulation
9)
Difference between Autism & ADHD
AUTISM
- Social communication deficits
- Repetitive behaviors
- Difficulties in social communication
- Difficult shifting focus
- Intense focus
ADHD
- Inattention, hyperactivity & impulsivity
- less repetitive behaviors
- May struggle with social interactions
- Easily distracted
- Trouble focusing
OVERLAPPING
SYMPTOMS
- Both exhibit inattention
- Social dysfunction
- Emotional dysregulation
- restlessness
- Difficult to manage behavior
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